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The Philippine–American War (Spanish: ''Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense'') (Filipino/Tagalog: ''Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano'') (1899–1902) was an armed conflict between the United States and First Philippine Republic. The conflict arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to secure independence from the United States following the latter's acquisition of the Philippines from Spain after the Spanish–American War of 1898. The war was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution. Fighting erupted between United States and the Philippine Republic forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Second Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 4, 1902. However, some groups led by veterans of the ''Katipunan'' continued to battle the American forces. Among those leaders was General Macario Sacay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed "Tagalog Republic", formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands until their final defeat a decade later at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.〔 The war and occupation by the U.S. would change the cultural landscape of the islands, as people dealt with an estimated 34,000 to 220,000 Philippine casualties (with more civilians dying from disease and hunger brought about by war), disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines (as a "state Church" – as previously in Spain), and the introduction of the English language in the islands as the primary language of government, education, business, industrial and increasingly in future decades among families and educated individuals. Under the 1902 "Philippine Organic Act", passed by the United States Congress, Filipinos were initially given very limited self-government, including the right to vote for some elected officials such as an elected Philippine Assembly, but it was not until 14 years later with the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act, (or "Jones Act") passed by the United States Congress, during the administration of Democratic 28th President, Woodrow Wilson, that the U.S. officially promised eventual independence, along with more Philippine control in the meantime over the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created in the following year the Commonwealth of the Philippines, a limited form of independence, and established a process ending in Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World War II). Finally in 1946, following World War II and the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, the United States granted independence through the Treaty of Manila concluded between the two governments and nations. ==Nomenclature== The war is known in the Philippines in Filipino language as ''Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano'' (''Philippine-American War'') or ''Philippine War of Independence''. In the United States, it has been known by a variety of names, including the ''Philippine Insurrection'', the ''Philippine-American War'', the ''Filipino-American War'', the ''Philippine War'', the ''Tagalog Insurgency'',〔 〕 and the ''Philippine Revolution''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Philippine Revolution )〕 In 1999 the U.S. Library of Congress reclassified its references to use the term ''Philippine-American War''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION )〕 Military engagements involving American forces in Mindanao in the early 20th century are sometimes referred to separately and collectively as ''The Moro War'' or ''The Moro-American War''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philippine–American War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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